Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1966. Taken from various sources in the Bible, it dramatizes the visit of the three Marys to the tomb where Christs body had been buried, only to find the sepulchre empty and an angel guarding it. (The most famous such allusion: Hamlet's admonition to the players that excess in performance "out-Herods Herod" [3.2.14-15].) (The Records of Early English Drama, now available online, transcribe and compile surviving documentary evidence and civic records related to various kinds of performance in a host of English towns and cities up to 1642, the year the public theaters closed.). The Quem quaeritis? soon spread throughout Europe (more than 400 versions survive), and by the end of the 10th century it had become a self-contained liturgical drama. Linguistically, this era brought about the transition from Old. Romance, Courtly Romance: This was the most popular genre in the Middle English period; it had a particular story structure that depicted the integration, disintegration, and reintegration of a central hero. Well-known "vice" characters," like Titivillus, influenced the characterization of Richard III and Iago, for example. 2 vols. The Renaissance era of music occurred roughly between 1400 and 1600 and followed the Medieval period. Christianity was legalized by the Roman Empire during the Fourth Century, and as a result, education as well as laws were overseen by the Church. The reason part of this literary period inspired essays on human characteristics and politics, with Francis Bacon being one of the most writers of these types of essays. 07 Dec. 2012 1190: Third crusade, 1199-1216: If one wanted to be baptized, married, or buried there was a charge, and someone becoming baptized and being buried on Holy Ground was another way to get to Heaven. The first autobiography was The Book of Margery Kempe. 725-38. 1612: Death of Prince Henry The Aesthetics of Antichrist: From Christian Drama to Christopher Marlowe. In the past fifteen years more attention has been given to the female characters as well. There is a strong movement in present scholarship to move past these categories. The 4 Major innovations from Italian Renaissance. Romances characteristically revolve around similar themes of members of the lower nobility trying to rise in status, the young entering adulthood and their fears, and individuals being cast out of society and returning as part of a stronger unit. Echoes of the "Harrowing of Hell" are found in Macbeth, Dr. Faustus, and The Jew of Malta, to name a few examples. The End of Europes Middle Ages. The End of Europes Middle Ages Language & Literature. The History Guide, 13 Apr 2012. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/188217/English-literature/12775/Religious-prose. The Second Shepherds Play, Morality Play: A type of drama that emerged around 1400 and became increasingly popular through out the century. THE MIDDLE AGES: THE FEUDAL SYSTEM. ThinkQuest. Now that REED is available online, the conversation will be more informed than ever, and new scholarly discoveries will continue to enrich this rapidly growing area of inquiry. Cummings, Brian and James Simpson, eds. Image courtesy of: John Donne Poems Unlike the Middle-Ages, several Renaissance scientists desired to learn about the earth apart from the idea of a Divine Creator, and philosophers brought in humanistic thinking. What is more, instructors will want to help students think critically about two kinds of possible intersections, namely: (1) How do we read the Shakespearean text differently when we put it in conversation with the medieval play? The clergys intention of making the key episodes of the liturgy as vivid and accessible as possible to illiterate congregations was so successfully realized that by the end of the 12th century the plays incorporated spoken dialogue, partly in the vernacular, and were moved outside in front of the church to be performed independently of the liturgical service. 01 Dec. 2012. http://cameronkirwan.wordpress.com/2012/12/, http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval_church.htm, http://www.dcts.org/academics/documents/RomanCatholicChurchinMedievalEurope.pdf, http://courseweb.stthomas.edu/medieval/chaucer/literarygenres.htm, http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/general/glossary.htm, http://www.essential-humanities.net/western-art/literature/medieval/, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Morality+tale, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/188217/English-literature/12775/Religious-prose, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=deRyhTuny3w, http://www.luminarium.org/medlit/chaucer.htm, http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2012/11/rediscovering-malory-digitising-the-morte-darthur.html, https://sites.udel.edu/britlitwiki/files//2018/06/FileChaucer_ellesmere.jpg, http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/humanism.html, http://people.umass.edu/eng2/per/medieval.html. December 5, 2013. WebMedieval art was basically produced in a large array of media (Veronica, 2008). We may never know many great works of oral poetry, however, it played a large role in impacting later written works. WebThe middle ages was an era of European history caused by a gradual decline in the Roman Empire. Elegy: It is typically mournful or sad. Medieval Drama: Mystery and Morality Plays, The Evolution of the Book in Medieval and Renaissance Society, Literary Consciousness in Medieval and Renaissance Literature, John Donne We also find scenes that elaborate various sorts of ceremony and ritual that, while Shakespeare and his contemporaries were forbidden (by official injunction) from staging religious or Biblical content explicitly, recall the influence of the liturgy, the sacraments, and Bible reading. Christopher Marlowe only the catholic church, it was the governng body for society. December 5, 2013. What then is "medieval drama" and what is its relationship to the drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries? Revived with Care - Peter Malin 2020-11-29 This book presents a ground-breaking, comprehensive study of the modern While the printing press was invented in the Fifteenth Century, its impact was not fully achieved until the Renaissance. Sir Philip Sidney Early dramas were typically very religious in theme, staging and tradition. Andrew Marvell Some of the most notable authors and poets of the time include Edmund Spenser, the Earl of Surrey, Sir Philip Sydney, Ben Jonson, Aemilia Lanyer, Robert Greene, and, of course, William Shakespeare. Most theater companies were exclusively male. The tradition of medieval liturgical drama stems directly from the mass itself, a complex ritual containing many theatrical elements in its function as a visible reflection of the invisible world. George Herbert Composers considered the harmonic effect of chords rather than superimposing one melody above another. New York, AMS Press, 1982. With that being said, the renewed interest in the Bible a piece of literature led to its unforeseeable influence in modern literature, where Biblical allusions and symbols were experimented with; this influence is visible in the works of John Donne (Holy Sonnets), John Milton (Paradise Lost), and Andrew Marvell (The Garden). 450: Romans withdrew from England and Germanic tribes (Angals and Saxons) invade A consequence of the churchs use of Latin as the language of the liturgy was that Classical texts continued to be read, and Terence, whose moral tone made him the least offensive of the Roman dramatists, acquired new popularity among a small scholarly elite. citations? The inversion of status that took place in the Feast of Fools was characteristic of the folk festivals held at the time of carnival (just before the fasting of Lent) and the New Years Saturnalia. It was not an option to not pay a tithe because it was told that the punishment of not paying a tithe would result in eternal damnation. The effect on literature at this time period was profound, because when Catholicism was dominant, Protestant works remained underground, and vice versa for periods of Protestantism as well. They determined the language of an entire continent. The Canterbury Tales is one of the most well known secular works from the Medieval period. This page was last edited on 25 March 2018, at 17:37. Medieval Literary Genres. Medieval Literary Genres. The Renaissance saw the end of feudal rule, and made efforts to establish a central government. It is clear in that the pilgrims are traveling together and sharing each others company by learning about one another and sharing stories. Katharine Goodland, City University of New York, Jay Zysk, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. Some Neoplatonists believed there to be a link between attaining knowledge (as knowledge of science was seen as factual representations or understanding of the world) and relationship with God or the Divine. Above all, the Renaissance was a recovery from the Middle Ages and all the disasters associated with it: the Black Death, economic, political and social crises. Both seem to be the time when the roots of modern society would be formed, however, their ways on how it was done were different. The sections below will dive deeper into the disparity between how women were viewed in Medieval society and how they were portrayed in the literature of the time. Some Neoplatonists believed there to be a link between attaining knowledge (as knowledge of science was seen as factual representations or understanding of the world) and relationship with God or the Divine.Citation? Web. 4. Say, for example, the two texts under consideration were the Digby Mary Magdalene and Shakespeare's Pericles. Web. They show the aristocratic heroic and kinship values of Germanic society that continued to inspire both clergy and laity. A sub-genre of the romance was the Arthurian Legend: Stories that told about the legend of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. Shakespeare's allusions to "Herod," the famous ranting tyrant of Biblical drama, comprise his most obvious and well-known debt to medieval drama. N.p., n.d. Other themes common in Medieval secular poetry are spring, love, and politics. 1147: Second Crusade, 1154-1189: 01 Dec. 2012. Scholars during the medieval era believed that it came immediately after the fall of the Roman Empire and took place before the renaissance. WebDifferentiating the Renaissance Period and Middle Ages Era in Europe The Renaissance was a time of change and prosperity. The High Middle Ages are thought to have begun around The Norman Invasion. 1200: Fourth Crusade: Chambers, E.K. 01 Dec. 2012. This idea quickly caught on, partly due to the ability to widely distribute material through the printing press, and spread like wildfire throughout Europe. Morality Play. The Free Online Dictionary. For a long time, the Towneley play was called the "Wakefield cycle," and the N-Town play was assumed to contain the texts of plays performed in Coventry and was referred to as the "Coventry plays" or the, Not every "cycle" play is necessarily medieval. St. Thomas University. The third narrative all but dismisses the study of medieval drama on its own terms and suggests that drama before Shakespeare is only of interest insofar as it illuminates this trajectory and leads to a deeper understanding of the drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries. Earlier scholarship exploring the relationship between Shakespeare and medieval drama emphasized three intertwined narratives that have been complicated, if not completely disavowed, by more recent scholarshipboth in Shakespeare studies and in the Records of Early English Drama (REED). there are three visible stage levels: the mainstage floor, the bigger balcony, and the King Richard I Between the Classical and early Renaissance periods, theatre was kept alive by the slenderest of threadsthe popular entertainers who had dispersed to wander, alone or in small groups, throughout Europe. They have a very contemporary rhyme scheme and subject matter. But recently the influence of performance scholarship has attuned scholars to the ways in which Shakespeare also draws on scenes and structural devices from Biblical drama and morality play traditions. 06 Dec. 2012. Comedy . It is thought that church clergy During the Middle Ages, drama was aimed mainly at making advancements in the church. 7 Dec 2013. During the Middle Ages, drama was aimed mainly at making advancements in the church. One section of the choir, representing the angel, asks, Quem quaeritis? (Whom do you seek?), to which the other half responds, and a short dialogue follows. For the most part, women remained still remained somewhat suppressed in this time period. While Renaissance thinkers would avoid drawing comparisons between themselves and the thinkers of the Middle AgesAccording to them, the Middle Ages were set in the middle of two much more valuable historical periods, antiquity and their own.similarities between the two are ever-present, specifically in regards to the remnants of Medieval worldview which extend its belief of The Great Chain of Being deep into Renaissance culture and literature. . From this came the trope, a musical addition or embellishment to certain parts of the liturgy, as, for example, to the final syllable of the Alleluia. WebIn the beginning of the Renaissance, there were two distinct kinds of theatrical productions. N.p., n.d. This return to classical ideas and worldview gave rise to Humanism, which asserted the value of man, his dignity, and his lack of limitations. Below is a link to an animated version of The Knights Tale. It was and used mainly for church services. They were generally love poems although some were about social satire or the celebration of earth and humanity; they were very passionate and not about God. For Example: The Canterbury Tales. Many other satirized the community. This pattern also reflects the cycle of death and rebirth, which suggests that the origin of the plays may be much older. Other ways the Church became so wealthy was their constant charges for receiving sacraments. N.p., 1994. Web. The Drama of the Middle Ages: Comparative and Critical Essays, ed. 4. Web. According to the History Learning Cite, the Church was absolutely the most important part of medieval society. On the other hand, the artists of the renaissance period relied more on the Shakespeare's history plays, for example, embody his interest in dramatizing the medieval past: the history plays provide evidence for the ways in which Shakespeare himself was using drama to think about questions of periodization, as well as creating the idea of a medieval past in order to explore present concerns with the nature of government and religion in his own time. 1432: The Book of Margery Kempe There are many reasons that the Church was so dominant during medieval times, but a main reason is its extreme wealthiness. Secular Medieval literature helped create a pathway for future authors in the Renaissance. Learn the definitions of Federalist and a Democratic-Republican, as well as their similarities and differences. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 2007. All medieval people, regardless of their social rank, believed in God, Heaven, and Hel. Oftentimes it was used to describe current events, and touched on themes, which invoke the ancient code of honor that obliges a warrior to avenge his slain lord or die beside him. Responsive Menu. If there was a bad storm or an outbreak of disease, the church was supposed to know why. N.p., 6 Dec. 2011. A board of editors drawn from the U.S., Canada, and England insures the quality of materials contained in the journal. 06 Dec. 2012. They determined the language of an entire continent. While cycle plays were performed, the cycle form was by no means the dominant form of early drama; moreover, while York sponsored a cycle play for Corpus Christi, it is no longer accurate to assume that the "Corpus Christi cycle" itself represents the entire tradition of medieval drama. An emerging wave of Shakespeare scholarshipnot only scholarship on Shakespeare and religion but also scholarship on Shakespeare and earlier dramatic traditionsis exploring the ways in which certain aspects of liturgy, sacramental theology and theater, and Reformation-era debates over translation and interpretation offer ways not simply to chart thematic connections or textual allusions but rather to develop theoretical frameworks for responding to questions about language, human subjectivity, class divisions, and political conflict in the dramas of Shakespeare and his contemporaries. Renaissance Literature also mimicked changes in culture; turning away from primarily religious thinking and placing importance on classical thought, Renaissance thinkers conjured new philosophies from the teachings of Plato and Aristotle. 1475: The Shepards Play December 5, 2013. 1485/1509: Accession of Henry VII 1-23. The earliest written example is found in the writing of Bede and his poem Caedmons Hymn. Shakespeare's allusions to "Herod," the famous ranting tyrant of Biblical drama, comprise his most obvious and well-known debt to medieval drama. Therefore, any works produced by women at this time are very scarce. WebThey began as interludes performed between the acts of serious opera and comprise an essential link in the history of musical theatre. Interest in these areas has also contributed to the construction of theaters replicating the outdoor and indoor playing spaces of Shakespeare's London. Early Theatre 6.1 (2003): 15-34. The heroic code places value on kinship, and emphasizes duty and vengeance for ones lord (Norton). It progressed into the sixth century and lasted through the end of the fourteenth century, when it gave way to Renaissance music. For Example, Piers Plowman or Everyman, Estates Satire: Represents the 3 estates, the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else. . Recent work, both in medieval drama studies and in Shakespeare studies, has identified and analyzed both continuities and discontinuities between "medieval" and "early modern" drama. The Church was viewed as having the answers to everything and anything that would happen, especially when something bad happened. 1075: Pope Gregory VII declares the supremacy of the church -King William the Conqueror was in power, died in 1087. English to Middle English, feudalism, and the Medieval romance which came from the French speaking Anglo-Normans. History Alive! Shadow and Substance: Eucharistic Controversy and English Drama across the Reformation Divide. During the medieval period, the body reflected one's state of health, and medieval doctors relied on the body as text. Other popular romances of this time include Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales, and William Langlands Piers Plowman. The Medieval World. The Role of the Church in Medieval Europe. The Renaissance was the period in which the idea of humanism came about The Renaissance revolutionized ideology the most because in the Middle Ages humanism was almost non-existent and ideas were based more on religion, and human potential was unvalued. 1425: Mystery Plays, 1431: Joan of Arc Burned Be used to describe the frescos of Raphael and Michelangelo ( Murray 2007. This era Most of these centred on a mock king, or Lord of Misrule, who guided the follies. N.p., n.d. It examines society by groups based on class, occupation, function, status and other designations. Much recent scholarly work focuses not only on the influence of medieval characterization, but also on the dramaturgical resonances between "medieval" drama and that of Shakespeare and his contemporaries. Similar to today, Hell was depicted as every persons worst nightmare, and Heaven was eternal paradise. Web. Church was extremely well-off, and to keep the Church as wealthy as possible they did not have to pay any taxes. The decision was made depending on the difference of two eras. The University of Calgary, 1998. As a whole, the Renaissance encompasses an incredibly large rebirth of knowledge and learning that began in Italy in the fourteenth century. The University of Calgary, 1998. and ended the period of the Renaissance either in 1492, with Christopher Columbus 's voyage. More artists began to be more interested and aware of harmony and focused on working gradually through a piece to play parts simultaneously (Fuller, 2010, p. 1). After the Romans withdrew, Germanic tribes invaded and spread their influence into England. "When did 'The Medieval' End?" Perry, Curtis and John Watkins, eds. Web. Through the rejection of the Church, the Reformation placed importance on the role of the individual, in that authority of religious teaching was reliant upon the text rather than the institution. Jones, Emrys. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2009. John Donne - Medieval and Renaissance Literature | British Literature Because it was believed that harmony expressed religious values, an attempt was made from the 9th century to increase the musical effectiveness of the plainsong of the church. This courtliness, or courtly love, could be found in many poems and other pieces of literature during this time period. 2006. 06 Dec. 2012. Geoffrey Chaucer Wilde, Robert. In later versions the angel was represented by the priest in white robes and the Marys by three choirboys. http://people.umass.edu/eng2/per/medieval.html. When teaching Shakespeare and medieval drama in a classroom context that includes student discussion, it is helpful for the instructor to let the students largely determine how to put the texts in conversation with each other. Reflected within the texts of the timethe ways in which characters are affected by loyalty, duty, and honorthe chivalric code was both a necessary platform for knighthood and good moral standing. It still dictated nearly every important decision in a persons life, and because most religious literature, most notably the Bible, was printed in Latin, the clergy members held a great deal of power because of their literacy to interpret these works. Morte Darthur. Furthermore, medieval drama uses allegorical characters in which abstract concepts are personified between good and evil, wealth and humble life, which is evident in Everyman as medieval play, in which a protagonist representing humanity will succumb to the wordly materials, seductiveness and temptations. The morality tradition has influenced both structure and character in Shakespeare's work. 1642: Civil War The Mediaeval Stage. Middle English lyrics: A type of secular poetry. Theme. It was known as the dark ages when society declined, taking place between the 500s to the 1500s. This dramatic form had two main sources. Period categories can be helpful in making distinctions, but they are also misleading because the idea of "the medieval" is itself a product of ideological bias that arose during the Reformation. e most popular romantic figure of this time is the character of King Arthur who arose in the 13th century. Smith, Nicole. Oral poetry mainly carried Christian themes (since nothing was written down until there was heavy Christian influence we do not know if these religious undertones were part of the original work), and often centered on the adventures of great heroic figures. Sir Philip Sydney The Protestant Reformation, which the movement came to be, left Europe no longer united; the religious criticisms of Martin Luther fragmented the Church before longafter gaining him excommunication from the Churchand gave rise to Henry VIIIs political separation of the Church of England from Rome. However, the money that they did spend was on their structures such as churches or cathedrals. Despite their lack of validation and suppression, however, women in Medieval literature were certainly present in many works and in various forms. Anglo Saxon Literature: People would perform plays and there were always markets held outside of the Church. Plays were usually performed by a professional acting company that traveled from town to town on wagons and moving stages. Church was extremely well-off, and to keep the Church as wealthy as possible they did not have to pay any taxes. . https://sites.udel.edu/britlitwiki/files//2018/06/FileChaucer_ellesmere.jpg. This period can be referred as the middle or the dark ages. The Church often wielded more power than the often-weak feudal monarchies that characterized medieval society. There are many differences between Renaissance Architecture and Medieval Architecture. What is more, the existing manuscripts of medieval drama are far later than we might expect. December 5, 2013. Middle Ages http://www.lordsandladies.org/index.htm. Image courtesy of http://www.props.eric-hart.com/, Religious Prose: Sought to explain the great truths of god, humanity, and the universe through an analysis of Christian beliefs, focuses on sin, penance, and love. The Catholic Church created schools with an intensive curriculum founded upon the education of grammar, rhetoric, Latin, astronomy, philosophy and math. King James I: first of Stuart Kings Shmoop University, Inc. n.d. Web. Web. For Example: Margery Kempe Place for Performance. and (2) How do we read the medieval play differently in light of our study of Shakespeare? The Renaissance men were leaders in an era of rebirth and learning looked to the Ancient Greeks and Romans for models of advance. Websimilarities between medieval and renaissance hospitalshonda monkey vs ruckus similarities between medieval and renaissance hospitals. More than just dates and lists of plays we'll learn about the social. Not every "Creation to Doomsday" play was performed as a civic cycle in the streets of a city or town by members of guilds. The spring cycle of festivities centring on fertility rituals and the rebirth of summer was adapted to the Christian version of death and resurrection, while Christmas absorbed celebrations around the winter solstice such as the Saturnalia and the Yule Fest, the Teutonic New Year celebration. The written texts that they developed for performance were, especially in France, literate and often sharply satirical. This era contained the Hundred Years War, which ended in 1453, and the Black Death, which eliminated nearly one-third of Europes population. This podcast It can be in the form of a funeral song o a lament for the dead. Spenser The Faerie Queen, 1603-1660 Folk theatre was not a literary genre; its prime concern was to fulfill a communal function in the village. These scholarly trends are also evident in productions that evoke dramaturgical resonances between Shakespeare and medieval performance practices. These earlier and alternate modes of theater and performance are aesthetically vibrant and theatrically distinctive in their own right. 8th Ed. A morality tale could have had either a serious or a comic plot. Medieval Society and Culture. Medieval Life & The Hundred Years War. Rather than focus on the Church and religion, The Canterbury Tales looks instead at other common ideas of the time, such as courtliness and company. The Play Called Corpus Christi. WebThe narratives of traditional political history written by historians from the north and west of Europe confidently set the boundaries of the beginning of the medieval period at the fall of Rome in 476 c.e. While gentlemen mastered the arts of rhetoric and warfare, gentlewomen were expected to display the virtues of silence and good housekeeping. Shakespeare and the Grammar of Forgiveness. WebBack in Medieval times, music was crude, extremely limited, costly, and exhausting to write. The portrayal of extreme and/or poignant emotional states in the characters, "Type" characters or "stock" characters: the fool, the vice, the tyrant, the comic/tragic villain, The shifting and blending of the comic and the tragic, not only in a single scene, but also in a single line of dramatic verse, The ambitious staging of events across time and space, Bawdy, witty wordplay that intertwines the sacred and the profane, Textual allusions, whether to the Bible, to the liturgy, or to different dramatic traditions and genres. WebThe medieval period in the European history is dated to have taken place between the fifth and the fifteenth century. The music used in the church were mainly Sexual love was seen as the presence of spiritual bonds in literature, arising from new found knowledge of Platonic love. Renaissance means rebirth, and refers to Marriage was very different in the medieval ages. Unlike the Renaissance, the Middle Ages were a thousand years of ignorance and superstition. One of the most popular Old English epic poems is Beowulf, which follows suit of its relative Germanic literature with its heroic and Christian themes. They also brought a duality to theatre that still exists: popular theatre and the literary theatre were to grow side by side, feeding off and nourishing each other. WebIt will then assess that the arguments concerning the similarities are stronger than the arguments concerning the differences with the use of various examples, namely, power dynamics of gender, race, ethnicity & religion, and prison and healthcare reform. Plays from the tradition of the medieval psychomachia, such as Everyman and Mankind, have been analyzed as palimpsests for the psychological struggles of King Lear and Othello. however it was strongly believed that the only way they could get to Heaven is if the Roman Catholic Church allowed them. 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Pattern also reflects the cycle of Death and rebirth, and politics Renaissance means rebirth, similarities between medieval and renaissance drama..., staging and tradition the female characters as well as their similarities and differences the! Also evident in productions that evoke dramaturgical resonances between Shakespeare and his contemporaries -King. Of our study of Shakespeare and his contemporaries 1075: Pope Gregory VII declares the supremacy of the Ages... Writing from the French speaking Anglo-Normans when society declined, taking place between the 500s to the drama Shakespeare! Comprise an essential link in the past fifteen years more attention has been given to history... A very contemporary rhyme scheme and subject matter `` medieval drama '' and what is relationship. James I: first of Stuart Kings Shmoop University, Inc. n.d learn the. Especially in France, literate and often sharply satirical as the dark when! Richard III and Iago, for example drama to Christopher Marlowe the tradition! Markets held outside of the Renaissance era in Europe the Renaissance period and Ages... Period and Middle Ages were a thousand years of ignorance and superstition: Death of Prince Henry the Aesthetics Antichrist. The High Middle Ages was an era of European history is dated to have taken place the. In power, died in 1087 France, literate and often sharply satirical comprise an essential in!
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